🏔 Geography
Continents, oceans, capitals, states, and interactive maps - ask Percia to quiz you
🌎 Continents & Oceans
🌎 The 7 Continents
1
Africa - Largest number of countries (54). Home to the Sahara Desert (largest hot desert in the world), the Nile River (longest river in the world), and one of the most diverse climate ranges of any continent.
2
Antarctica - No permanent human population. Almost entirely covered in ice. Only scientific research stations operate there year-round.
3
Asia - Largest continent by both area and population. Contains China and India, each with over 1 billion people. Mount Everest (highest point on Earth) is located in the Himalayas on the border of Nepal and Tibet.
4
Australia / Oceania - Smallest continent. Home to the Great Barrier Reef (largest coral reef system in the world) and unique wildlife found nowhere else naturally: kangaroos, koalas, and the platypus.
5
Europe - Smallest continent aside from Australia. Contains 44 countries. Home to the European Union (EU), a political and economic union of member nations. Rich in documented history going back thousands of years.
6
North America - Includes the United States, Canada, Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean islands. Major geographic features include the Rocky Mountains and the Mississippi River.
7
South America - Contains the Amazon Rainforest (largest tropical rainforest on Earth), the Andes Mountains (longest above-ground mountain range in the world), and the Amazon River (largest river by water volume).
🌊 The 5 Oceans
1
Pacific Ocean - Largest and deepest ocean on Earth. Covers more than 30% of Earth's surface. Contains the Mariana Trench, the deepest known point on Earth at over 36,000 feet below sea level.
2
Atlantic Ocean - Second largest ocean. Separates the Americas from Europe and Africa. Has historically been a critical route for trade and exploration.
3
Indian Ocean - Third largest ocean. Surrounded by Africa to the west, Asia to the north, and Australia to the east. Known for its monsoon season patterns.
4
Southern (Antarctic) Ocean - Encircles Antarctica. Officially recognized as a distinct ocean in 2000. Cold, stormy, and largely unexplored.
5
Arctic Ocean - Smallest of the five oceans. Surrounds the North Pole and is partially frozen year-round.
🇺🇸 US States & Capitals
🏙 All 50 States and Their Capitals
| State | Capital | State | Capital |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alabama | Montgomery | Alaska | Juneau |
| Arizona | Phoenix | Arkansas | Little Rock |
| California | Sacramento | Colorado | Denver |
| Connecticut | Hartford | Delaware | Dover |
| Florida | Tallahassee | Georgia | Atlanta |
| Hawaii | Honolulu | Idaho | Boise |
| Illinois | Springfield | Indiana | Indianapolis |
| Iowa | Des Moines | Kansas | Topeka |
| Kentucky | Frankfort | Louisiana | Baton Rouge |
| Maine | Augusta | Maryland | Annapolis |
| Massachusetts | Boston | Michigan | Lansing |
| Minnesota | Saint Paul | Mississippi | Jackson |
| Missouri | Jefferson City | Montana | Helena |
| Nebraska | Lincoln | Nevada | Carson City |
| New Hampshire | Concord | New Jersey | Trenton |
| New Mexico | Santa Fe | New York | Albany |
| North Carolina | Raleigh | North Dakota | Bismarck |
| Ohio | Columbus | Oklahoma | Oklahoma City |
| Oregon | Salem | Pennsylvania | Harrisburg |
| Rhode Island | Providence | South Carolina | Columbia |
| South Dakota | Pierre | Tennessee | Nashville |
| Texas | Austin | Utah | Salt Lake City |
| Vermont | Montpelier | Virginia | Richmond |
| Washington | Olympia | West Virginia | Charleston |
| Wisconsin | Madison | Wyoming | Cheyenne |
🇺🇸 US Territories
| Territory | Capital |
|---|---|
| Puerto Rico | San Juan |
| Guam | Hagatna |
| US Virgin Islands | Charlotte Amalie |
| American Samoa | Pago Pago |
| Northern Mariana Islands | Saipan |
🌏 World Capitals by Region
🇦🇫 Africa
| Country | Capital | Country | Capital |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nigeria | Abuja | Egypt | Cairo |
| South Africa | Pretoria / Cape Town / Johannesburg | Kenya | Nairobi |
| Ethiopia | Addis Ababa | Ghana | Accra |
| Morocco | Rabat |
🇦🇸 Asia
| Country | Capital | Country | Capital |
|---|---|---|---|
| China | Beijing | Japan | Tokyo |
| India | New Delhi | Russia | Moscow |
| South Korea | Seoul | North Korea | Pyongyang |
| Saudi Arabia | Riyadh | Iran | Tehran |
| Israel | Jerusalem | Pakistan | Islamabad |
| Indonesia | Jakarta | Vietnam | Hanoi |
| Thailand | Bangkok | Philippines | Manila |
🇪🇺 Europe
| Country | Capital | Country | Capital |
|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom | London | France | Paris |
| Germany | Berlin | Italy | Rome |
| Spain | Madrid | Portugal | Lisbon |
| Greece | Athens | Netherlands | Amsterdam |
| Belgium | Brussels | Switzerland | Bern |
| Sweden | Stockholm | Norway | Oslo |
| Denmark | Copenhagen | Poland | Warsaw |
| Ukraine | Kyiv |
🇸🇦 Americas
| Country | Capital | Country | Capital |
|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Washington D.C. | Canada | Ottawa |
| Mexico | Mexico City | Brazil | Brasilia |
| Argentina | Buenos Aires | Colombia | Bogota |
| Chile | Santiago | Peru | Lima |
| Cuba | Havana | Jamaica | Kingston |
🇦🇺 Oceania
| Country | Capital |
|---|---|
| Australia | Canberra |
| New Zealand | Wellington |
🗺 Types of Maps
🗺 Map Types You Need to Know
1
Political Maps - Show country and state borders, names of places, and capital cities. Used to understand political boundaries and how land is divided between governments.
2
Physical Maps - Show terrain, mountains, rivers, lakes, and elevation changes. Used to understand natural geographic features of a region.
3
Thematic Maps - Show specific data overlaid on a geographic area. Examples include population density maps, climate zone maps, economic activity maps, and language distribution maps. Each one is built around a single subject or theme.
4
Climate Maps - A type of thematic map showing climate zones: tropical, desert, temperate, continental, and polar. Useful for understanding weather patterns and biomes.
5
Road / Transit Maps - Show roads, highways, and transportation routes. Primarily used for navigation.
🌁 Latitude and Longitude
🌁 Coordinates and Key Lines
1
Latitude - Horizontal lines running east-west. They measure how far north or south a point is from the Equator (0 degrees). Range: 90 degrees North to 90 degrees South. The Equator divides Earth into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
2
Longitude - Vertical lines (called meridians) running north-south. They measure how far east or west a point is from the Prime Meridian (0 degrees, running through Greenwich, England). Range: 180 degrees East to 180 degrees West. The Prime Meridian divides Earth into the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.
3
Key Lines to Know:
- Tropic of Cancer: 23.5 degrees North (northern limit of Sun's direct overhead position)
- Tropic of Capricorn: 23.5 degrees South
- Arctic Circle: 66.5 degrees North
- Antarctic Circle: 66.5 degrees South
4
Coordinates are written as (latitude, longitude). Example: New York City is approximately (40.7 degrees N, 74.0 degrees W).
📚 Key Geographic Terms
📄 Vocabulary You Need
1
Peninsula - A piece of land surrounded by water on three sides. Examples: Florida, Italy, the Korean Peninsula.
2
Isthmus - A narrow strip of land that connects two larger landmasses. Example: The Isthmus of Panama connects North and South America.
3
Archipelago - A group or chain of islands. Examples: the Philippines, Indonesia, and Hawaii.
4
Delta - A fan-shaped landform created where a river meets the sea and deposits sediment. Example: The Nile Delta in Egypt.
5
Fjord - A narrow, deep inlet of the sea between tall cliffs, formed by glacial erosion. Found most famously in Norway.
6
Strait - A narrow waterway connecting two larger bodies of water. Examples: Strait of Gibraltar (Atlantic to Mediterranean), Bering Strait (Pacific to Arctic).
7
Tundra - A flat, treeless biome in Arctic regions with permanently frozen subsoil (permafrost). Very little rainfall, extremely cold temperatures.
8
Savanna - A tropical grassland with scattered trees, found mainly in sub-Saharan Africa. Has distinct wet and dry seasons.
9
Monsoon - A seasonal wind pattern that brings heavy rainfall. Most associated with South and Southeast Asia (India, Bangladesh, Vietnam).
10
Tributary - A river or stream that flows into a larger river rather than directly into a sea or ocean. Example: The Missouri River is a tributary of the Mississippi River.
📸 Interactive Maps
🗺 Explore the World
🌎 World Map
🇺🇸 United States
🇪🇺 Europe
🇦🇫 Africa
🇦🇸 Asia
🇸🇦 South America
Maps provided by OpenStreetMap. Zoom and pan each map.